C PROGRAMMING

CONTENT

UNIT 1: FUNNDAMENTALS OF C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

History of c Language and its advantage

Simple Structure of programming language

Character set

C-Token

Data types of C

Operators of C

Examples of program

UNIT 2: DECISION MAKING AND BRANCHING

If Statement

Switch Statement

Conditional Statement

Goto Statement

UNIT 3: DECISION MAKING AND LOOPING

Do-while Loop

While Loop

For Loop

Break

Continue

UNIT 4: ARRAY

One Dimensional Array

Two Dimensional Array

Advantage and Disadvantage of array

UNTIT 5: CHARACTER ARRAY

Basics of Character array

Programs related to character array

UNIT 6: STRING HANDLING FUNCTION

Strcat() Function

Strcmp() Function

Strcpy() Function

Strlen() Function

Strrev() Function

Strupr Function

Strlwr Function

Programes

UNIT 7: USER DEFINED FUNCTION

Advantage of Function

Defining a Function

Top Down approach

Function prototype

Bottom up approach

Categories of Function

Recursion

UNIT 8: POINTER

Pointer and its advantage

How to use pointer

Pointer to pointer

UNIT 9: STRUCTURE AND UNION

Declaration of structure

Union

UNIT10: FILE HANDLING

Ascil text file

Binary files

How to use file

UNIT 11: STORAGE CLASSES AND MACROS

Scope of Identifiers

Storage class

Macro substitution

UNIT -1

FUNDAMENTALS OF C-LANGUAGE

1. HISTORY OF C LANGUAGE

a) The Mother of all the modern languages is ALGOL(ALGOrithmic Language). It was

developed in 1960 by International Group.

b) In 1967 BCP(Basic Combined programming Language ) was developed by Martin Richards.

c) In 1970 ken Thompson developed a language called 'B' language.

d) C Language was developed by Dennis Ritchie at AT & T Bell Laboratiories in 1972.

2. RESASPM BEJOMD THE DEVELOPMENT OF C LANGUAGE

Initially Unix the Lack developed by ken Thompson In Machine Language.
But due to the Lack of portability it was not used in some machine.
In order to overcome this Limitation, Dennis Ritche needs a new language that would create
fast, efficient and compact programs that controls the hardware efficiently. This necessity
invented the development of new high level language called 'C' . So its initial aim was to
make Unix a portable.

3. IMPORTANCE OF C LANGUAGE

C lang is a famous programming lang due to its qualities. Some qualities r:

(1)it is robust lang whose rich setup of built in functions and operator can be used to write any complex prog.

(2)prog written in c are efficient due to severals variety of data types and powerful operators.

(3)the c complier combines the capabilities of an assembly lang with the feature of hige level language. Therefore it is well suited for writing both system software and business package.

(4)there r only 32 keywords, severals standard functions r available which can be used for developing prog.

(5)c is portable lang , this means that c programes written for one computer system can be run on another system, with little or no modification.

(6)c lang is well suited for stuctured programming, this requires user to think of a problems in terms of function or modules or block. A collection of these modules make a program debugging and testing easier.

(7)c language has its ability to extend itself. A c program is basically a collection of functions that are supported by the c library. We can contuniously add our own functions to the library with the avaibility of the large number of functions.

In india and abroad mostly people use c programming lang becoz it is easy to learn and understand.

4. A SIMPLE EXAMPLE OF C PROGRAMMING

/* Program- simple.c*/ /*comment statement*/

#include<stdio.h> /*reprocessor directive*/

void main() /*a function heading*/

{

printff ("simple program of C language") /* statement*/

}

Here the program simple.c has following elements.

a) source code comments, indicated by /* */.

b) A preprocessor # include directive.

c) A function heading: void main().

d) A function body enclosed within { and }.

e) A statement that writes a message on the screen.

The above program is explained below:

4.1 comment: In the C Programming Language, you can place comments in your code that are not executed as part of the program. A comment starts with /* symbol and ends with */ and can be anywhere in your program. Comments can span several lines within your C program.

comment on c language is given as /*.........................................*/
comment begin with /* character sequence and continue through the */ character sequence as following.

/* this is my book*/

4.2 main () Function
In many programming languages, the main function is where a program starts execution. It is responsible for the high-level organization of the program's functionality, and typically has access to the command arguments given to the program when it was executed.

note:- If you don't have main(), your program will be complied successfully, but it will not run and complier
will report that you have not defined a main() function.

4.3 The C preprocessor directives : #include
C uses a preprocessor. A preprocessor is a program that processes a source file before the main compliation
takes place. C handles direcives whose names begins with a number sign # .

The # include directive tells the compiler to include a different source-code file in your program. This directive
tells the compiler to add the contents of the stdio.h file into our source. file . This action of preprocessor is
similar to pasting a block of text data into a doucument with your word processor.

5. CHARACTER SET
Characters are collectively used to write the program by forming words, letters, numbers etc.
so C characters can be grouped into three categories:-

Letters
Digits
Special Characters

Letters :

C language comprises the following set of letters to form a standard program. They are :
A to Z in Capital letters.
a to z in Small letters.

Digits :

C language comprises the following sequence of numbers to associate the letters.

0 to 9 digits.

Special Characters:

C language contains the following special character in association with the letters and digits.

Symbol	Meaning
~	Tilde
!	Exclamation mark
#	Number sign
$	Dollar sign
%	Percent sign
^	Caret
&	Ampersand
*	Asterisk
(	Lest parenthesis
)	Right parenthesis
_	Underscore
+	Plus sign
\|	Vertical bar
\	Backslash
`	Apostrophe
-	Minus sign
=	Equal to sign
{	Left brace
}	Right brace
[	Left bracket
]	Right bracket
:	Colon
"	Quotation mark
;	Semicolon
<	Opening angle bracket
>	Closing angle bracket
?	Question mark
,	Comma
.	Period
/	Slash

IN C-TOKEN

(1) keywords

(2) Constants

(3) Identifiers

(4) Strings

(5) Special Symbols

  (6) Operators

1. Keywords:- Keywords have the fixed meaning and these meanings cannot be
changed and we can also say that these are reserve words having
fixed meaning .

  For example of keywords are:
  List of all Keywords in C Language

32 keywords in C
auto

break

case

char

conset

continue

default

double

else

enum

extern

float

for

goto

int

long

return

short

signed

sizeof

static

struct

switch

typedef

union

unsigned

void

volatile

while

2. Identifiers:- it is the name of variable, Functions and Arrays.

e.g:- int x;

int a[10];

void getdata();

float *x;

Rules for identifiers

Fist Character must be alphabet or underscore.
Must consist of only letters, digits, or underscore.
Must have only 31 characters.
Must not have white space.
It should not be a keyword.

3. Constants:- It has the fixed meaning and it does not change during the execution

of program.

e.g:- 2(Integer constant). 7.24 (Real constant), ‘c’ (Character constant), “Ranjan”

(String constant).

Constants are two type:

1. Numeric constants

2. Character constants

Numeric constants are also two type:

1. Interger constant

2. Real constants

Character constants two type:

1. Single character constants

2. String constants

4.String:- Anything written in quotation marks " " is called String.

e.g " Ranjan kumar sharma"

constanst meaning

'\a Audible alert(bell)

'\b Back space

'\f from feed

'\n New line

'\r' Carriage return

'\t' Horizontal tab

'\v' Vertical tab

'\" Single quote

'\"' Double quote

'\?' Question mark

'\\' Backslash

'\0' Null

Special Symbol: are {,},>,<,;,= etc
Operator : operator decide what operation is to be performed in the given set data.
for example.... +,-,*,/ etc


   Data types of C
In c programming we have to deal with various types of data , hence it is necessary for a
programmer to select an appropriate data type according to the data taken in a program.

  Data types
There are three types of data type:
(1) primary or fundamental data types(int,char,and float)
(2) Derived data types (pointer, array, function)
(3) User defined data types (structure, union)

primary Data type: The data types, which is independent of any other type,are
known as primitive Data Type or primary data types. These also called Basic Data types.
for examples.....int, long,,,float,,,,double,,,etc...

Derived Data types
Such Data types are derived from primary data types. examples of derived data types are
functions array and pointer. These topics will be discussed in next chapters.

User Defined Data types
  Such Data types are defined by user and they are directly or indirectly dependent upon
primary or derived data types. for examples.....structure....union,,,,,typedef,,,enumerated
data types

Operators of C
An operators is a symbol that tells the computer to perfom cerfom cetain mathematical or
logical manipulations. Operators are used in programs to manipulate data and variables.
They usually from a part of mathematical or logical expressions.

     Arithmetic operators

operator Meaning

+ Addition or unary plus

- Subtraction or unary minus

* Multiplication

/ Division

% Modulo division

Relational Operators

Operator Meaning

< Is less than

<= Is less than or equal to

> Greater than

>= Greater than or equal to

== Is equal to

!= Is not equal to

Logical operators

Operator Meaning

&& Logical AND

|| Logical OR

! Logical NOT

Assignment Operators

Statement with simple Statement with shorthand

Assignment operator operator

a=a+1 a+=1

a=a-1 a-=1

a=a*(n+1) a*=n+1

a=a/(n+1) a/=n+1

a=a%b a%=b

Symbol Meaning

+= Addition assignment

-= Subtraction assignment

*= Multiplication assignment

/= Division assignment

%= Modulus assignment

Increment and decrement operators

C provides the ++ increment and decrement – operators ,increment

or decrement the variable by the value if

Operator Meaning

++ Increment

__ Decrement

Conditional operators or Ternary operator

A ternary operator pair “?:” is available in c to construct conditional

Expressions of the form (condition)?

Example :

a=10;

b=15;

x=(a>b)? a:b;

In the above example ‘a’ is not greater than ‘b’,so condition is not

Satisfied the value of b =15 will assigned to the variable ‘x’.

Bitwise operations

Operator Meaning

& Bitwise AND

| Bitwise OR

^ Bitwise EX- OR

<< Shift left

>> Shift right

Explanation

A. Logical AND:

Logical AND table

X Y X&Y

0 0 0

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 1

Example

a= 12 = 1100(use binary value)

b= 10 = 1010

______

a&b = 1000=8 (decimal)

B Logical OR:

Logical OR table

X y x/y

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 1

Example:

a=12=1100(use binary value)

b=10=1010

______

a/b = 1110=14(decimal)

C Exclusive OR:

Exclusive OR:

Exclusive OR table

X y x^y

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0

Example

a=12 =1100 (use binary value)

b= 10 =1010

________

a^b= 0110=6(decimal)

1. simple program of c

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

clrscr();

printf("This is my First Page");

getch();

}

output:- This is my First Page

2. wap to add two numbers ?

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int x,y,z;

clrscr();

printf("Enter two number :");

scanf("%d%d",&x,&y(;

z=x+y;

printf("sum=%d",z);

getch();

}

3. wap to find the compound Interest.
#Include<stido.h>
#Include<conio.h>
void main()
{
float si,p,r,t;
clrscr();
printf("Enter priciple ,rate and time");
scanf("%f%f%f",&p,&r,&t);
si=(p*r*t)/100;
printf("Simple Interest :%f",si);
getch();
}

Output:
Enter principle , rate, and time
2000
2
12
simple Interest 480.000000

4. wap to find the Compound Interest.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

float ci

clrscr();

printf("principle ,rate, and time");

scanf("%f%f%f",&p,&r,&n);

a=p*pow((1+r/100),n);

ci=a-p;

printf("compound Interest =%f",ci);

getch();

}

Output :

Enter principle , rate, and time

2000

compond Interest =4276.856934

5. wap to enter a number and display its octal and Hexadecimal form.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int x;

clrscr();

printf("Enter a number :");

scanf("%d",&x);

printf("octal form=%o",x);

printf("Hexadecimal form=%x",x);

getch();

}

output:

enter a number =121

octal form=171Hexadecimal form=79

6. wap to find the volume of cylinder.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

float r,h,v;

printf("Enter radius & height of cylinder");

scanf("%f%f",&r,&h);

v=3.14*r*h;

printf("volume=%f",v);

getch();

}

output:

Enter radius & height of cylinder

volume =125.599998

7. wap to find the diagonal a Rectangle.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,d,t;
clrscr();
printf("Enter sides of Rectangle :");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
t= a*+b*b;
d= sqrt(t);
printf("Diagonal of rectange = %d",d);
getch();
}
8. wap to find the temperature in Fahrenheit when temperature is given in Celsius.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
float c,fh;
clrscr();
printf("Enter temperature in celcius :");
scanf("%df",&c);
fh=(9*c/5+32);
printf("Temperature in Fahrenhiet=%f",fh);
getch();
}

9. wap to illustrate Increment &decrement operator
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int x,y;
x=3;
y=5;
++x;
printf("Incremental value of x=%d",x);
--y;
printf("decremental value of y=%d',y);
getch();
}

10. wap to calculate the displacement when initial velocity, time and acceleration is
by the user.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
float s, u, t, a;
clrscr();
printf("Enter initial velocity, time and acceleration :');
scanf("%f%f%f",&u,&t,&a);
s=u*t+a*t*t/2;
printf("displacement =%f",s);
getch();
}

11. wap to illustrate Bitwise operator program
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,p,q,r,s,t;
clrscr();
a=12;
b=10;
p=a&b;
q=a/b;
r=a^b;
s=a>>2;
t=a<<2;
printf("\n Bitwise AND=%d",p);
printf("\n Bitwise OR=%d",q);
printf("\n Bitwise Exclusive=%d",r);
printf("\n Shift Right=%d",s);
printf("\n Shift Left=%d",t);
getch();
}

12. wap to swap two numbers using third variable.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int x,y,t;
clrscr();
printf("Enter value of x and y:");
scanf("%d%d",&x,&y);
t=x;
x=y;
y=t;
printf("After swapping");
printf("\n x=%d",x);
printf("\n y=%d",y);
getch();
}

13. wap to swap two numbers without using third variable.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int x,y;
clrscr();
printf("Enter two numbers");
scanf("%d%d",&x,&y);
x=x+y;
y=x-y;
x=x-y;
printf("After swap ");
printf("x=%d",x);
printf("\n y=%d",y);
getch();
}

14. wap tocheck greatest among two numbes using conditional operator.
#include<stido.h>
#includes<conio.h>
void main()
{
int x,y,t;
clrscr();
printf("Enter two numbers");
scanf("%d%d",&x,&y);
t=(x>y)?x:y;
printf(""Greatest=%d",t);
getch();
}
15. wap to find the sum of 'n' natural numbers without using loop.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int n,sum;
clrscr();
printf("Enter value of n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("sum if n natural numbers=%d",sum);
getch();
}
16. wap to show the days and the numbes of days in a week using enumeration .
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
enum weak
{
sunday,monday,tuesday, wednesday, thursday,friday,saturday
};
clrscr();
printf("\n sunday=%d", sunday);
printf("\n moday=%d", monday
printf("\n tuesday=%d", tuesday);
printf("\n wednesday=%d",wednesday);
printf("\n thursday=%d", thursday);
printf("\n friday=%d", friday);
printf("\n saturdat=%d", saturday);
getch();
}
17. wap to show your resume throw hello programs.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();

printf(" RESUME ");
printf("\n\n\nRANJAN KUMAR SHARMA");
printf("\n\nC/o:BINAY KUMAR SHARMA");
printf("\n\nCity:-Gandhi nagar gali-6");
printf("\n\nDehri-on-sone Rohtas(Bihar");

printf("\n\nEmail-Sharmaranjan743@gmail.com");
printf("\n\n-9122466534,9772073824,");
printf("\n____________________________________________________________");
printf("\n\n\n\nCareer Prospective:");
printf("\n__________________");
printf("\n\n\n");
printf("To grab every opportunity at right time to achieve my target.Give");
printf("\nmy 100% to make place for myself.To meet organizational objectiv");
printf("\nthrough hard work and integrity.");
printf("\n\n\ncareer highlight/qualification:");
printf("\n______________________________");
printf("\n\n\n10+2 :From J.J.College Rohtas(Bihar) wiht 68% in COMMERCE IN 2009");
printf("\n\n\nMatriculation :From Dehri hight school Rohtas(Bihar)with 59% in 2007");
printf("\n\n\nProfessional Qualification:");
printf("\n_________________________");
printf("\n\n\nBCA :Pursuing in 6th semester");
printf("\n\n :Birsa Institute of technology (trust)");
printf("\n\n :Ranchi,JHARKHAND");
printf("\n\n\nProfessional Qualification");
printf("\n__________________________");
printf("\n\n\nHobbies:");
printf("\n_______");
printf("\n\n Net surffing");
printf("\n\n Operating Pc");
printf("\n\n\nPersonal Information:");
printf("\n____________________");
printf("\n\n Father's Name :Mr BINAY KUMAR SHARMA");
printf("\n\n Date of birth :2-jan-1992");
printf("\n\n Marital Status :Single");
printf("\n\n Language know :Hindi,English");
printf("\n\n\nInterpersonal Skill:");
printf("\n__________________");
printf("\n\n co-opertive,Flexible and Reliable");
printf("\n\n\nDeclaration:");
printf("\n___________");
printf("\n\n\n");
printf(" I here by declare that the above mentioned information is");
printf("\ncorrect and that to the best of my knowledge and belief.I self");
printf("\nbear the responsiblity for the correction of the above men-");
printf("\ntioned partcular.");
printf("\n\n\n\n\n\nDate (signature of candidate");
printf("\n\n\n\n\n\n Ranjan kumar sharma");
getch();
}

  UNIT 2: DECISION MAKING AND BRANCHING

One of the keys to designing intelligent programs is to make them able to make decisions, such
as whether you are going to see a movie or not, whether to play a cricket match or not, whether
you want to go on a long journey, and if so by the train or by the air.

Like these activities programs also need to decide among alternative

Actions, such as whether the year is a leap or not, whether the number is even or odd, and so
on. Thus there is the possibility of changing the seqyebce of statements. based on these
decisions.

There are four types of decision making and branchin statement:

1. IF STATEMENT
2. SWITCH STATEMENT
3. CONDITIONAL OPERATOR STATEMENT
4. GOTO STATEMENT

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C PROGRAMMING

Letters :

Digits :

Special Characters:

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